Maritime health is a vital field that addresses the unique health and safety needs of those working at sea, covering a wide range of areas focused on enhancing the quality of life for seafarers. This improvement involves better access to healthcare, strengthened safety measures, and the implementation of wellness programs. Moreover, with the globalization of the shipping industry, a structured approach to maritime health has become increasingly important.

Drawing on insights from the review by Malcolm MacLachlan, Bill Kavanagh, and Alison Kay, titled “Maritime Health: A Review with Suggestions for Research”, this article highlights findings from International Maritime Health publications from 2000 to 2010. Key research areas identified include healthcare access, telehealth, communicable and non-communicable diseases, psychological health, and safety issues. Therefore, the review suggests future research directions to better address the diverse needs of seafarers worldwide.

Key Areas of Research in Maritime Health

Our analysis of the literature highlights six main research categories:

• Healthcare Access, Delivery, and Integration: Research in this area covers the availability and quality of healthcare on ships and at ports. It addresses emergency care, public health issues, and the ways healthcare systems can work together to support seafarers more effectively.
• Telehealth: Telehealth provides remote medical services, which are crucial for seafarers who spend long periods at sea. Research in this field includes advancements in telemedicine technology, such as ECG relays, telesonography, and defibrillators. As a result, seafarers can access timely medical advice when needed.
• Non-Communicable Diseases and Physical Health: This category includes chronic diseases like heart disease, diabetes, and obesity. Studies emphasize the need for public health programs to promote a healthy lifestyle among seafarers. Given the sedentary nature of their work and limited access to fresh food, these programs are essential.
• Communicable Diseases: Seafarers are at risk for infectious diseases such as malaria, HIV, and gastrointestinal infections. Since close living quarters and mobility increase these risks, research focuses on prevention strategies and managing outbreaks effectively.
• Psychological Functioning and Health: Life at sea can cause stress, isolation, and fatigue, all of which impact seafarers’ mental health. Consequently, this research area explores ways to manage stress, reduce fatigue, and provide support for issues like depression and substance abuse.
• Safety-Related Issues: Safety research examines risks such as workplace injuries and accidents. It also investigates ways to improve equipment and facilities on board. Topics include air and water quality, safety protocols, and accident prevention strategies.

Underexplored Areas

Of these categories, non-communicable diseases and healthcare access have the most research. On the other hand, telehealth and psychological health are less explored. However, with recent technology advances and awareness of mental health, these areas are likely to grow.

Geographical Focus and Population Groups

Geographical Distribution

Most studies focus on seafarers from Central and Northern Europe. This focus is understandable given the historical role of these regions in maritime health. However, many countries that supply a large number of seafarers, such as the Philippines, India, and China, are underrepresented in the literature. Therefore, future research should include these populations to ensure a more comprehensive understanding of global maritime health needs.

Specific Population Groups

In terms of specific groups, most research focuses on seafarers in general, with some studies on fishing crews, naval personnel, and cruise ship staff. Unfortunately, there is limited research on the families of seafarers, who often experience significant social and emotional challenges due to their loved ones’ time away. Expanding research to include families and maritime students could provide insights into the social dynamics affecting seafarer health.

Research Methodologies and Recommendations

Existing Research Methods

Cross-sectional studies, literature reviews, and surveys are the most common research methods in maritime health. However, there is a lack of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and longitudinal studies. These methodologies could provide more reliable evidence on the effects of health interventions.

Recommendations for Future Research

We recommend more funding for these advanced research methods. Randomised trials and long-term studies are essential to understand the causes of health issues and to develop evidence-based interventions. Furthermore, qualitative research can play a crucial role in exploring the social and cultural aspects of maritime health, especially for non-European seafarers.

Conclusion

Maritime health is essential for ensuring the well-being and safety of those who work at sea. This review highlights the need for expanded research in areas like telehealth, psychological health, and cultural studies to address the unique challenges of a diverse, global seafaring population.

Improving health and safety systems at sea benefits not only seafarers but also the efficiency and safety of maritime operations. As a result, a comprehensive approach to maritime health, integrating advanced technology, mental health support, and inclusive research, is crucial for the future of the industry.